Apnea Testing During Brain Death Assessment: A Review of Clinical Practice and Published Literature
Por um escritor misterioso
Descrição
The diagnosis of brain death is a complex process. Strong knowledge of neurophysiology and an understanding of brain death etiology must be used to confidently determine brain death. The key findings in brain death are unresponsiveness, and absence of brainstem reflexes in the setting of a devastating neurological injury. These findings are coupled with a series of confirmatory tests, and the diagnosis of brain death is established based on consensus recommendations. The drive to breathe in the setting of an intense ventilatory stimulus (ie, respiratory acidosis) is a critical marker of brainstem function. As a consequence, apnea testing is an important component of brain death assessment. This procedure requires close monitoring of a patient as all ventilator support is temporarily removed and Paco2 levels are allowed to rise. A “positive” test is defined by a total absence of respiratory efforts under these conditions. While apnea testing is not new, it still lacks consensus standardization regarding the actual procedure, monitored parameters, and evidence-based safety measures that may be used to prevent complications. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of apnea testing and discuss issues related to the administration and safety of the procedure.
PDF) Carbogen: A Safe and Effective Method for Apnea Testing to Declare Brain Death
Radionuclide Evaluation of Brain Death in the Post-McMath Era
PDF) Apnea Testing During Brain Death Assessment: A Review of Clinical Practice and Published Literature
PDF] Apnea Testing During Brain Death Assessment: A Review of Clinical Practice and Published Literature
Brain Death Concise Medical Knowledge
PDF] Brain death criteria. The neurological determination of death.
Apnea test during brain death assessment in mechanically ventilated and ECMO patients
Brain death criteria - ScienceDirect
Figure 4 from Apnea testing for the determination of brain death: a modified protocol. Technical note.
Table 5 from Brain death: assessment, controversy, and confounding factors.
Apnea Test Safety in Brain Death: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Analysis, Sansoni
Guidelines for the determination of brain death in infants and children: An Update of the 1987 Task Force Recommendations—Executive Summary - Nakagawa - 2012 - Annals of Neurology - Wiley Online Library
Table 1 from Problems associated with the apnea test in the diagnosis of brain death.
The use of apnea test and brain death determination in patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review - ScienceDirect
de
por adulto (o preço varia de acordo com o tamanho do grupo)